How to Write a Application to Principal for Sick Leave

You can use a Good Format to advise a Principal of absence due to illness, and request his/her approval of this leave.

1.Name of Principal

2.Name of School

3.Address of School

4.Salutation: "Respected Sir/Madam"

5.Request

6.Your thanks for his/her attention to your request.

7.Your name or Signature

So it goes like this,

Mr./Ms./Mrs. __________ , Principal

XYZ School
XYZ School Address

Request: Application to Principal for Sick Leave

Respect Sir/Madam,

I am writing to inform you that my son (student’s name) is ill and will not be able to attend school  for (number of days).    Please grant him leave from classes for this period of time while he is again fit.

If we need to make arrangements for homework to cover the work he will miss during this time, you Can contact me on my telephone for it. I Would be very Obliged for this act.

Thankyou

Your Sincerely,

XYZ

Pakistan and the United States Relations

PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : In the early days of independence of pakistan, when it appeared that Britain was favouring India on the Subject of Kashmir, Pakistan looked longingly to the United States for friendship. Pakistan welcomed American Admiral Chester Nimitz as the first Plebiscite Administrator for Kashmir. But the United States was slow to responce the enthusiasm shown by Pakistan in the early days. Even after Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to the United States in 1951, Washington attempted to follow a neutral course to the conflict between India and Pakistan. United States foreign aid flowed into India appropriately heralded by Ambassador Chester Bowles, whose every move and statement demonstrated to Pakistan that Americans liked India best.



United States Policy towards Soviet Union enuciated by the secretary of State John Foster Dulles after 1953, brought a suddent change in the relations between Pakistan and the United States, advocating the creation of bi-lateral military pacts between the United States and non-communist countries and multi-lateral regional grouping to deter Soviet expansionism. This policy found many friends, each of whom was rewared by economic assistance. As Pakistan's search for friends was keeping along ineffectually and the struggle for Kashmir was particularly unsuccessful (in 1952, the Soviet Union openly sided with India), Pakistan eagerly grasped Mr.Dulles's outstretched hands. Soviet leaders had extented an invitation to Mr.Liaquat Ali Khan to visit Soviet Union but he prefered to the United States first. The choice of Liaquat Ali Khan of visiting the United States of America first displeased the Cremelin.

In this situation Pakistan and the United States signed a mutual defence agreement in 1954 and in 1955 Pakistan joined CENTO. Ambassador Chester Bowles in India returned to Unites States. Pakistan has found a friend in United States, it presumed, would support it against "neutral and impartialist" India. The United States has found a friend which, it presumed, was stalwart in its opposition to international communism. Both the countries particularly Pakistan ignored the basis facts of international relations, diplomacy and of life.


Growing affection between Pakistan and America was phenomenal. The United States government policy over-looked Nehru's attempt to be neutral between the Soviet Communists and American anti-communists. To Pakistan any foe of Nehru's was a friend of Pakistan. Pakistan feared Soviet expansionism and India's anti-Pakistan activities and stood unhesitatingly on the side of the Western allies. Pakistan also saw what could be gained through alliance with the United States in terms of economic and military development. Pakistan started receiving aids. By 1963 the cost of military hardware and personnel training exceeded US Dollor 1,000,000,000. Nearly all sector of Pakistan's economic and social development Corporation, loans helped start hundreds of small and medium size factories. Meanwhile, private Americal philanthropic agencies and universities gave help to programmes in birth control, village development and urban planning. Agricultural projects, especially those involving irrigation, soil improvement and rural education remained backing. Few countries in the world had gained more, economically and value of economic aid to pakistan was US $ 1,500,000,000 or approximately $ 15 per person. India in the same period received 3,900,000,000 in economic aid from the United States or about $ 9 Per Person.

In 1961, President Ayub Khan made a triumphal visit to the United States and spoke before a Joint session of Congress. America found him genial, out-spoken and Obviously a friend. But still, Kashmir remained in Indian hands and, in 1963, there was no sign that Pakistan's friendship with the United States was helping solve the Problem which was the most important one for Pakistan.

The invasion of Chinese territory by Indian forces in 1962 led both the countries to re-examine their policies. The United States and Great Britain offered to aid India. During the Sino-India war of 1962, The US asked Pakistan to help India against China because at the time American's themselves were involved in the Cuba missile affair and could not jump into another crisis directly. On April 15, 1963, Pakistan's Foreign Minister emphatically declared that "If India should receive massive military assistance from the Western powers without a solution of the kashmir dispute, it would mark a turning point for Pakistan and the abandonment of our friends and allies". As military aid began to flow into India - and Chester Bowles returned to New Delhi to herald the renewed frienddship. Mr.Bhutto, the then foreign Minister indicated that Pakistan's Foreign policy would be reshaped. Although the United States had assured Pakistan that the military build of India would not be used against Pakistan yet Pakistan was unsatified.


The Foreign Minister of Pakistan and United States officials met in Washington. The United States announced that it has been agreed to recognise Pakistan's fear of India, althought it was apparent that the United States Policy-makers did not share this fear. Many Pakistani's understood that the United States is unreliable. The United States soon made it clear to the Pakistan that it would build its anti-China policy around India, regardless of Pakistan's policies and fear, When India attacked Pakistan in 1965, the United States not only remained neutral but also stopped military aid and delivery of spare parpts to Pakistan. Again in 1971, she repeated her old policy which assured every Pakistani that United States not only favours India but also Pakistan has no space in her policies of international relation, depsite the fact that Pakistan worked as a bridge between United States and China to hold talks and establish the diplomatic relations.

The United States always opposed the atomic policy of Pakistan and pressurized her to sign N.P.T without critisizing the atomic policy of India. The United States does not treat equally India and Pakistan. Now she has stopped all aid to Pakistan unless Pakistan is willing to sign N.P.T which Pakistan has refused to sign.

After the Russian dis-integration there was a total change in American policy towards Pakistan. The then Prime Minister Benazir Bhtto had visited Unites States in June, 1989, and adressed the congress and expressed her views and clarified the policies of her government. Her visit created a conductive atmosphere between the two countries, and it was hoped that the reltionships between two countries would improve but her government was dismissed.

Mrs.Benazir Bhutto again visited the United States during 1993 on behalf on the I.J.I government, where she met the top officials of Clinton administration but the report about her visit varies. She again visited the United States in 1995, as a Prime minister and she was sucessful in convincing the U.S Administration regarding attitude towards Pakistan. There was a hope the under Brown amendment Pakistan may reveive the aid Suspender under Presler's amendment.

Pakistan's never tire of calling US and unreliable ally, a fair weather friend, who has always been partial to, and soft on, India. This has always been a measure of our won naivety and simplicity. While such qualities as morality, faithfulness, etc, may be desire in personal relationships, "in international reltionships there are no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent national interests". It is also widely known that there is no morality in international relationships. It is high time we awoke from our dream-world and looked upon the real world. Inspite of the imposition of sanctions on India, it would be realistic to expect the USA, and being the sole world Super power today is the only country that matters, to tilt heavily in favour of Pakistan, and against India, on the promise of the formoer not carrying out its own nuclear tests in tit-for-tat reaction, or to play to the galleries, consequences to damned. Let us not forget that India is a regional power, our own continued defiance not with standing, and given a choice, the US will tilt in favour of India when the chips are down.

Foreign Policy of Pakistan

FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

No country today can think of a life independent of other nations.Every country has to develope relations with other countries so as to meets its requirements in economical,industrial and technological fields.It is thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy.Pakistan is an important third world country in its developmental stage.It also has formulated her foreign policy keeping in mind its geoghraphy ,politics and economics.

DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY

Foreign Policy can be defined as :
"Relations between sovereign states.It is reflection of demestic politics and an interraction among sovereign states.It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country qant to establish relations with another country."

PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY IN LIGHT OF QUAID-E-AZAM'S WORDS

The father of the nation,Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards other countries of the world in 1948, as follows:

" Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the nations of the world.We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation.We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our outmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world.Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed of the United Nations Charter."

Constitution of 1973

The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 constitution based on the principles of:
1.Sovereignty belongs to Allah
2.Holy Quran And Sunnah
3.Pakistan shall be known as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”.

Sovereignty Belongs to Allah

Sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah and The Power Should Be Used in The Limits Prescribed By The Holy Quran And Sunnah.

Definition of a Muslim

A person who believes in Oneness of Allah and in the prophet Hood of Hazrat Mohammad (P.B.U.H)

A Muslim to be A President and Prime Minister

Muslims shall be elected President and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Non could not hold these offices.

The 1973 constitution Listed the main principles of State Policy efforts were made to improve the character of this constitution.1973 constitution of Pakistan also provides for the protection, propagation and enforcement of Islamic Ideology.

Pakistan Resolution

PREAMBLE

Pakistan Resolution was the turning point in the history of Pakistan.It provides a way to the Muslims,leading to the destination of a complete independence.
ATTITUDE OF HINDUS

Hindus clearly stated that they would not tolerate another community in India by saying:

"India belong to the Hindus and if Muslims wish to live in India,they should Hinduism."

The Hindus tried to destroy Muslim identity by introducing Hindi as a medium of education.
CONGRESS OPERATION

The congress neglected the Muslim in every field and supported the Hindus.It did not recognize Muslim as a considerable party in India.In his address Nehru stated that: "There are only two parties in the country,the congress and the british." According of Quaid-e-Azam :

"The sole aim and object of the congress is to annihilate every other organization in the country."
PARTITION PROPOSALS

By 1937,the political conditions of Sub Continent compelled the Muslim political leaders to seriously consider the partition of India.The idea of Indian partition was not a new one,a number of partition proposals had been forwarded previously by many Muslim leaders like Syed Ahmed Shaheed,Mohammad Abdul Qadir,Allama Iqbal,Syed Jamal Uddin Afghani,Abdul Halim Sharar e.t.c.


PROPOSAL GIVEN BY ALLAMA IQBAL

The most reasonable proposal was given by Allama Iqbal.The poet,philospher,while delivering his presidential address at the annual session of the Muslim League at Allahbad in December 1930 said:

"India is a continent of Human Beings belonging to different languages ,having different religion,therefore,I demand the formation of separate Muslim State for the Muslims of India."
CHAUDRY REHMAT ALI'S SCHEME

Chaudry Rehmat Ali proposed his scheme of partition of India.He declared:

"North of India is Muslim and we shall keep it Muslim.Not only that ,we will make it a Muslim State....?"

He coined the word "Pakistan" in which 'P' stands for Punjab,'A' stands for Afghanistan,(N.W.F.P) 'K' for Kashmir ,'S' for Sindh and 'tan' stands for Baluchistan.The word Pakistan means "The land of Pure".

THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

In 1940,the annual session of Muslim League was held at Lahore in Minto Park (Iqbal Park).Under the chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam and a resolution was passed on 23rd March,1940.The Resolution was moved by Bengal Chief Minister Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Chaudry Khaliq-uz-Zaman.It stated that:

"No Constitution plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles,viz,that geographically contigous units are democrated into regions which should be so constituted,with such territorial adjustment as may necessary,that the areas in which Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India,should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign...adequate,effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities for the protection of their religion ,cultural,economic,political,administrative and other rights."
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS OF QUAID-E-AZAM

The Quaid-e-Azam delivered a historic address at this moment highlighting the distinct national character of the Muslims of India.He said:

"Musalmans are not a minority at is commonly known and understood.One has only got to look around even today,According to the British map of India,out of 11 provinces,4 provinces where the Muslims dominate more or less are functioning not with standing the decision of the Congress High Command to non cooperate and prepare fore civi disobedience .Musalmans are nation according to any definition of a nation and they must have their homelands,their territory and their state.We wish to live in peace and harmony with our neighbours as a free and independent people.We wish our people to develope to the fullest our spritual,cultural,economic,social and political life in a way that we think best and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people."
MUSLIMS ACCEPTANCE AND HINDUS REJECTION OF THE RESOLUTION

The Resolution was unanimously accepted by the Muslims who had assembled the meeting plan in a large number.The Hindu readers and newspaper raise a hue and cry after the Resolution.They refused it and referred to the partition as "Vivesection of Motherland".

Gandhi said that :

"Dividing India was like dividing a cow."

Quaid-e-Azam warned the Hindus that:

"If the Hindus tried to get the whole of India they would loose the whole,but if they gave one-third to the Muslims they would get two-thirds."
IMPORTANCE OF PAKISTAN RESOLUTION

The Pakistan Resolution is a land mark in the history of the Muslims of India.This famous Resolution results in the creation of Pakistan.The acceptance of Pakistan Resolution strengthned the Two Nation Theory which was the basis of Muslim struggle for Independence.


CONCLUTION

Pakistan Resolution was a demand for the protection and safeguard of the national identity of the Muslims.With the passage of Pakistan Resolution,the Muslims began to acquire new hope and confidence in their destiny.The Resolution infused high spirits among the Muslims who were now determined to fight to the last minute for the accomplishment of Pakistan.

Forest Department of Pakistan

Role of Forests Department

Government has formed Forests Department for looking after forests and preparing new forests and due to it there is a good increase in the number of forests every year. Forests are necassary for the economic progress of a progress. According to experts 25% area of a country should be consisted of forests for a balanced economy. Unfortunately our forests make 3.6% of the total area of Pakistan which is 19 crore and 70 lac square acre forests cover an area of 72 lac acres. By decrease in the amount of water, the vegetation decreases gradually.

Natural Resources of Pakistan

The economic development of a country totally depends upon natural resources. The exploitation of natural resources and their usefulness depends upon the efforts of human beings.


Population of Pakistan

The population of Pakistan has gone beyond 150 millions which has made Pakistan seven biggest country in the world. To meet the needs of growing population we have to increase our agricultural production.
Self Sufficient

By the grace of Allah our economy is progressing to gain self sufficiency. Moreover some excess production of grains is exported to earn foreign exchange.Education is required to be developed on modern, lines. Modern techniques and research can accelerate the progress of agriculture and industry.
OverCome to Over-Crowed Population

The alarming situation is the rate of growth of population which is more than that of the production of natural resources. This thing effects the economic growth of the country. Through accelerated exploitation of existing energy resources, we can promote economy of the country

Two Nation Theory

The Two Nation theory in its simplest way means the cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslim of the Sub Continent. These differences of out look, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two independent states.

The Basis of the Creation of Pakistan!

The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations. They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual culture and civilization.
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two nations. Let us examine each of them separately.

Role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General

Role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General

On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the 1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen months. During this period, he solved many important national issues. Some of them are mentioned as under:
Formation of Federal Cabinet

As soon as the Quaid-e-Azam took an immediate action and nominated members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly. Liaquat Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan took oath on 15th August 1947.
Members of the Cabinet

1. Sardar Abdul Rab Nisther (Transports)
2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture)
3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education
4. I.I Chundrigar (Industry)
5. Ghulam Mohammad (Finance)
6. Jogander Nath Mandal (Law)
7. Sir Zafar Ullah Khan Qadyani (Affair)
Constitutional Problems

The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of the Quaid-e-Azam.
Establishment of Capital

Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan.
Provincial Government

Quaid-e-Azam elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief ministers of provinces:

Khan Iftikhar Hussain Mumdot - Punjab
Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn - East Bengal
Khan Abdul Qayyum - N.W.F.P
Mohammad Ayub Khuro - Sindh
Chief Commissioner (British) - Baluchistan

Establishment of Administrative Head Quarters

For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhry Mohammad Ayub was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat was established. Moreover, Head quarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up.
Attention to Foreign Affairs

Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-Azam paid his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were the main objective of the Foreign Policy.

Membership of UNO

After independence, Quaid-e-Azam paid immediate attention for acquiring membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September 1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam.

Implementation of Education Policy

Education plays an important role in the development of a country. It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education sector also needed attention at the time of independence. for this purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty and national spirit. he made nation with honesty and national spirit. He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory for the students. Quaid-e-Azam did a lot to improve education policy of the country.
In the Service of Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam served his country till his death. Despite his bad health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed to deadly disease of consumption.

First Cabinet of Pakistan

First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-Azam. He took of it. Liaquat Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Bi-Metallic Strips

This is Actually An Arrangement in Which Two Strips of different metals are joined together it means that when a bi metallic Strip is Heated then expansion will be produced in both the strips, but they will different expansion i.e It Will Expand Than the other and as a result curve will produced in the bimetallic Strip. The tendency of curving in a bimetallic Strip is Used in Developing some of the important devices and we shall consider few of Them.

Measurement of Template By Thermometer

The temperature of a body is meausred with the help of device known as thermometer. In other words we can say that the exact and quantitative measurement of template is made with the help of thermometer. In All the thermometers a subsctance which changes uniformely with temperature. In used to measure the temperature. The Most common substance filled in the thermometer is mercury or coloured alcohol.

Study of Heat And Temperature

The Form of energy, which produces the sensation of warmth in your body, is Known as heat. Heat is That form of energy which always, travels from source to Sink. It Means That If there are bodiest placed in the neighbourhood of heat, it will always travel from the hot body to cold body. heat is never possessed by a body, the body contains only internal kinertic enegy in the molecules as-well as potential enegy. When heat is absorbed by a body, its internal energy will increase where as when heat is given out by a body, its internal energy decreases. According to Some Scientists " Heat is an energy which transit from one body to another"
The S.I Unit of Heat is Know As joule. Heat is Also known as the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the body.